The Social Life of the Neighborhood Free Essay Example, 1500 words

A geographical view of a residential area reveals nothing about how the residents of these local communities and neighborhoods get on with one another. It is hard to tell whether these individuals visit each other, how often and where they interact, whether the neighbors like each other and whether they indeed care for other people who live in their street. In this document aspects of life that determine how neighbors live together is the document s main area of concentration. The term neighborhood and street denote more than just a geographical space inhabited by individuals. Since nearly every individual has neighbors somewhere nearby, the daily practice of being a neighbor tend to be ignored by many people (Byford, 2009, p. 263). People who live together are involved in the process of modifying, repairing, breaching and constructing boundaries in efforts of enacting the identity of neighbor. It includes both the symbolic and physical boundaries in homes as well as streets. It al so involves private and public dimensions. The relationship that a person has with his or her neighbors is dependent upon various aspects. They may include their cultural background, their status on both economic and social grounds, the period they have resided in that neighborhood, the preferences and characteristics of the individual and the age of the person (Byford, 2009, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Life of the Neighborhood or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page It is thus important to understand people by interacting with them so as to establish neighborly relations of good nature (Byford, 2009, p. 265). A friendly distance is required for one to have successful interactions with people. An ongoing process of interaction is essential in social life, as well as skills that a person uses to present him or herself in the interaction and give the intended impression to other people.

Chapter 1 - 679 Words

Case 8: The Fraud of the Century: The Case of Bernard Madoff Introduction Bernard Lawrence Bernie Madoff is a former American businessman, stockbroker, investment advisor, and the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market. He is very successful in his early life. Madoff founded the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960 by buying and selling over-the- counter stocks that were not listed on the NYSE. As he became more successful, he moved the company’s headquarters from Wall Street to the famous â€Å"Lipstick Building† on Third Avenue. After that, Madoff started to help his investors to manage their money. He used Ponzi scheme to cheat his clients by promising of consistent returns of 10 to†¦show more content†¦* Base on Madoff’s reputation, investors over trust him. Weaknesses * Madoff’s schemes need consistent money from new investors. During the recession, Madoff had difficult time to recruit the new investor. That’s how his schemes went down. * If lots of investors ask for cash out in the same time, that means Madoff needs to find more new money to run the schemes. * This can be considered as illegal fraud. Opportunities * More and more people like to invest their money before the recession. Threats * SEC and other investor will investigate Madoff’s firm * Accountant can check his transaction record. 1. What are the ethical issues involved in the Madoff case? From an ethical perspective, this is an example of white- collar crime. Madoff is a typical white collar criminal who abused his trust for profits. In fact, Madoff ‘s business is a lie. He promised all the investors will get the high return. Actually no one knew what is going on and what the investment detail is. Investors did not realize the problem because they still earning profit from Madoff. As more and more new investors throw money in these schemes, Madoff still has enough flow of money to pay to the old investors. That’s how he conducting his game. 2. Do you believe that Bernard Madoff worked alone, or do you think he had help increating and sustaining his Ponzi scheme? Would this represent a conflict of interest? I don’t think Madoff can do this by himself. InShow MoreRelatedA Chapter Of Chapter 1 : Chapter 1835 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"They’re closing in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Aldrick mutters as he slips the bullet into the cylinder, he always knew this day would come, but the fact they choose to strike the household at it weakest moment infuriates him. It only take two days for the news to spread, and they come like vultures seeking carrion. He took a deep breath and set the last 5 bullets into the chamber, years of serving the military had taught him not to lose his temper in situation like this. A shuffling noise caught his attention, heRead MoreChapter 11226 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 1 1. Which of the following statements is false?    The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at web sites has been peer-reviewed. Web sites with .edu in their addresses are likely to provide reliable nutrition information. When evaluating claims for dietary supplements, be wary of products that include promises for quick remedies. In general, personal web sites, such as blogs, are not reliable sources of nutritionRead MoreChapter 11655 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The researchers seek to inform their readers about the mental and emotional factors affecting the academic performance of a child in school regarding the working of their parents overseas. Nowadays, as life becomes uneasy to other families here in the Philippines, parents tend to work overseas to offer a convenient living to their children. As a result, it leads to several effects on the emotional and mental aspects of a child. This studyRead MoreSummary Of Chapter 1 : Chapter 1926 Words   |  4 PagesLong ago, at a minute village adjacent to Roc-A-Fella peaks, there lived three puerile boys. Jermaine, Nas, and Kendrick. Kendrick was a scion of the lightning district of the village, Nas was born and raised in the fire district, and Jermaine was a simple village boy who grew crops and raised cattle. Ever since the village was established it was divided into four main groups. The fire district, the lightning district, the village folk, and the All Mighty’s. Mostly all lived in placidity until oneRead Morechapter 13292 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 1: MANAGERS, PROFITS, AND MARKETS Multiple Choice 1-1 Economic theory is a valuable tool for business decision making because it a. identifies for managers the essential information for making a decision. b. assumes away the problem. c. creates a realistic, complex model of the business firm. d. provides an easy solution to complex business problems. 1-2 Economic profit a. is a theoretical measure of a firm’s performance and has little value in real world decision makingRead MoreChapter 110766 Words   |  44 Pagesch01 Student: 1. Direct material costs are generally variable costs. True False 2. Property taxes and insurance premiums paid on a factory building are examples of manufacturing overhead. True False 3. Manufacturing overhead combined with direct materials is known as conversion cost. True False 4. All costs incurred in a merchandising firm are considered to be period costs. True False 5. Depreciation is always considered a product cost for external financial reporting purposesRead MoreChapter 18984 Words   |  36 PagesChapter 01 The Information Age in Which You Live: Changing       Multiple Choice Questions    1.  What does it mean to live in the digital age?   A.  Payment for goods is made with hard cash B.  Living, working, learning, and playing in a digital world C.  Accessing information over the Internet D.  Being born after 1990    AACSB: Use of Information Technology Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1 Taxonomy: Knowledge and Understanding    2.  Why do we consider technology invasiveRead MoreChapter 12873 Words   |  12 PagesChapter 03 - Federalism 1. Governmental Structure 1. The single most persistent source of conflict in U.S. politics since the adoption of the Constitution has been the relations between the national and state governments. 2. Today, an effort is underway to reduce national gov’t powers, giving more strength to the states; this effort is known as devolution. 1. Some proposals give states block grants in which states get money that they can spend in any way theyRead MoreChapter 11257 Words   |  6 PagesI arrived to the location and I check the directory to make sure I was in the right building. I found Pearson in the Directory with 200 listed and confirmed that I was at the write address and just needed to locate the Pearson testing site. I entered the elevator and hit option 2, when I left the elevator onto floor 2 I was on the wrong floor. I hit the button to get back on the elevator and went back to the lobby. I walked around looking for assistance and literally ran into the Pearson testingRead MoreChapter Essay : Chapter 1877 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"We can’t let the people know of this attack,† Queen Elara hisses. â€Å"Our people can’t know that the Scarlet Guard is getting stronger with each passing day and that they have reached the palace walls. We cannot let Reds have faith that they wi ll ever be equals with Silvers.† â€Å"What about Queenstrial? This situation isn’t going to get in the way of that, right?† There is no way that this minor bombing is going to stop Queenstrial from happening. â€Å"No, Queenstrial is still on. In fact, we could use Queenstrial

Computer Games Advantages and Disavantages Free Essays

In today’s modern world, computers are very essential part of everyday life. Children often use computer from very young age for computer games and internet. Computers are developing their computer skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Games Advantages and Disavantages or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, this can also be seen that children are too much dependent on computer games. It has got both pros and cons which will be discussed in the following paragraphs. On the one hand, some types of games can be very intelligent and may contain huge educational potential which can encourage their skill, concentration and inspire them to learn new things. If children use computer game from their childhood age, they are familiar with most of the function of computer; this will be very helpful for their future career. Another advantage is that there are lots of interesting features in computer, no child feel bore and alone using computer. On the other hand because of interesting features and different types of games in computer, firstly children become too much dependent on it. They spend their most of the time using computer games as a result they lose their interest on daily activities like their school homework and also forget to meet with their friend and colleagues. Secondly, some video games can be very aggressive in nature so these video games are usually highly addictive and easily available on internet. Moreover continuous use of computer game can be damaged both eyes and physical posture of the children. To sum up, there are lots of merits of using computer game however in my opinion; children don’t spend their whole time on computer. Parents should also care about their schedule for computer game. Computer games are indisputably popular among teenagers. Because of their widespread use, many studies provide data on the short- and long-term effects of regularly playing computer games. Some studies conclude there is a link between playing violent video games and tendencies towards violent behavior. Increasingly, the social element to playing computer games affects how teenagers interact with peers. Playing computer games has also been shown to improve problem-solving skills and increase adeptness at using technology overall. But an addictive aspect to many games suggests that playing in moderation is critical. Related Studies An online game is a game played over some form of computer network. This almost always means the Internet or equivalent technology, but games have always used whatever technology was current: modems before the Internet, and hard wired terminals before modems. The expansion of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion of computer networks from small local networks to the Internet and the growth of Internet access itself. Online games can range from simple text based games to games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players simultaneously. Many online games have associated online communities, making online games a form of social activity beyond single player games. The rising popularity of Flash and Java led to an Internet revolution where websites could utilize streaming video, audio, and a whole new set of user interactivity. When Microsoft began packaging Flash as a pre-installed component of IE, the Internet began to shift from a data/information spectrum to also offer on-demand entertainment. This revolution paved the way for sites to offer games to web surfers. Some online multiplayer games like World of Warcraft, Final Fantasy XI and Lineage II charge a monthly fee to subscribe to their services, while games such as Guild Wars offer an alternative no monthly fee scheme. How to cite Computer Games Advantages and Disavantages, Essay examples

Management of Organisations Corporate World

Question: Describe about the Report for Management of Organisations and Corporate World. Answer: In the contemporary corporate world, in order to sustain in the volatile and stern market conditions the organizations are required to prepare a team of enthusiastic, motivated, optimistic and loyal mavens. The key element for organizational stability and enhanced performances is motivated and passionate employees. Motivation drives employees to accomplish the goals, excel at their jobs and fulfil the responsibilities with positive and constructive outlook. Working as a bank teller in OCBC bank requires strong intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in order to deliver the best even in stressful and hectic schedule. The team leader empowers the full-time and part-time bank tellers by conducting sales and product training and development programs, coaching, organizing events and workshops, conducting role plays and skill building exercises, providing feedback formally and informally, etc. Therefore, the key motivational driver present at the workplace is effective leadership. The leaders try to strike a perfect balance between revenue, customer service and productivity. Leaders foremost objective is to polish the communication skills, attitude and convincing power of the tellers. Tellers are provided with constant support, positive reinforcement and roadmap for each job role. (Thamrin, 2012). The performance related incentive system, recognition programs, tuition assistance, paid vacations and access to health benefits motivate the tellers to achieve the desired target and perform stupendously (Kinning, 2011). The tellers are also acknowledged and praised for their efforts, behaviour and performances. Felicitating the tellers with gifts, certificates, lunch parties, etc. or verbally praising in front of peers; are effective ways that seniors follow to engage and engross the tellers to deliver high quality results. Personally, being praised and respected for the targets achieved have always been stimulating to understand the issues of the customers having unsorted mind-sets, handle their queries with patience, inform them about the product features as many times as they want and convince them about loans, savings or investments (Helmrich, 2015). The third motivational driver at work is organizational culture. OCBC welcomes innovation, values every employee, maintains optimism, creates synergy and promotes flexibility and openness. The organization revolves around three Rs: Respecting colleagues, juniors, seniors and clients. Reinforcing the employees efforts and performances. Taking up the roles or responsibilities with full confidence and enthusiasm. There prevails an effective transfer of knowledge, processes and resources along with teamwork which leads to increased job satisfaction and commitment (Sleimi, 2015). OCBC has always tried to introduce creative motivational drivers for bank tellers and there does not exist any strong discouraging or demotivating factor, but the manager or the team leader should make sure that job role is clearly communicated to the tellers in order to avoid any confusion or misunderstanding. References: Thamrin, H.M 2012, The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance, Journal of leadership and management, vol. 3, issue no. 2, pp. 12-22. Helmrich, B 2015, 11 creative ways to show employee appreciation, Viewed 1 August 2016, https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/8152-employee-appreciation-tips.html. Kinning, B 2011, Five ways to increase sales from tellers, Viewed 1 August 2016, https://www.schneidersales.com/schneider-report-archive/SR-Five-Ways-to-Increase-Sales-from-Tellers.pdf. Sleimi, T 2015, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Pivotal Role in Bank Tellers Satisfaction and Performance: Case Study of Palestinian Local Banks, International journal of business and social science, Vol. 6, issue no. 11, pp. 127-135.

Investing In The Young Generation Of Pakistan Young People Essay Example

Investing In The Young Generation Of Pakistan Young People Essay Early on childhood Development Harmonizing to UNESCO Global Monitoring Report ( 2007 ) Early on Childhood Development entails wellness nutrition, hygiene, and cognitive, societal, physical and emotional development- from birth to entry into primary schools in formal, informal and non formal scenes, frequently provided by a mix of authorities establishments, non-governmental organisations, private suppliers, communities and households Importance of Early Childhood Development Harmonizing to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, each kid should have good parenting, early stimulation, fostering attention, primary wellness attention, indispensable micro foods in a balanced and alimentary diet, and a safe and clean environment. Research has demonstrated that at least 80 % of the encephalon s capacity is developed before the age of five. Learning occurs faster in the early old ages than at any other clip and forms established have far-reaching deductions. Together early childhood development and kid endurance services have a multiplier consequence. They are indispensable for cut downing poorness and increasing national productiveness. Early stimulation, parent instruction and quality early attention in places or Centres help guarantee good school results in footings of increased internal efficiency, lower school dropouts, reduced repeat, and higher accomplishments and completion rates. Well developed and good educated kids go more productive ; pay more re venue enhancements and lend more as a citizen of their states. We will write a custom essay sample on Investing In The Young Generation Of Pakistan Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investing In The Young Generation Of Pakistan Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investing In The Young Generation Of Pakistan Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Education and Crime Co-relation Factors that contribute to the co-relation between early childhood instruction and offense Poverty and unemployment Research shows that rewards and unemployment rates have a larger impact on the condemnable behavior. Crime is increasing in local unemployment rates and diminishing in pay rates. Education increases pay rates and it besides increases the chance cost of offenses as offense may necessitate clip to perpetrate which can be otherwise used fruitfully and besides entail a period of captivity which is dearly-won for people with better labor market net incomes go forthing a co relation between instruction attainment and offense. ( Lochner, 2007 ) . Furthermore, turning unemployment and lifting monetary values lead to a decrease in the disbursement power and an addition in adult females s work load in the family jobs. Families affected by unemployment by and large have no fiscal militias to fall back on. Impoverished households who can no longer afford the lifting cost of instruction and kid attention find themselves obliged either to maintain their kids place or to direct them out to gain mon ey so every bit to at least maintain the household unit afloat. Due to the deficiency of instruction attainment there is a rise of unemployment and kids are non able to acquire into the labour market ( Lochner, 2010 ) . Poverty and desperation lead to an addition in the force within the household and immature kids are succumbed to gain a life through affecting in child labor and assorted condemnable activity i.e. robbery, larceny etc. Lack of raising and lovingness patterns Family life influences condemnable behaviors through supplying offspring s with sensitivity sing how to get by with the life outside household, how to be disciplined and responsible citizens of the society. Children reared by parents who neglect or reject them are likely to be greatly influenced by their community environments. When societal environment offer them encouragement and chances for condemnable behavior, kids reared by parents who neglect them are most likely to go delinquents. Lack of quality schooling Schools provide a community outside of place to reenforce the educational edifice block put in topographic point by parent. Schools serve to develop the values of civilization, to further tolerance, ego subject and character development. In many schools in the underdeveloped universe, these basic ends are thwarted by unequal basic supplies, no national criterions, absence of instructors and deficiency of physical installations etc. The schoolroom environment in the school is drab and deadening and there is no chance for the kids to be originative and active, go forthing a message that schools are non ready for kids. A deficiency of quality instruction may pass on one to the lasting lower class and a possible life of offense as a manner of earning and kids who feel inferior in the society due to the deficiency of quality schooling bead out of school and often join packs and the force of life in the streets. ( Flannery, Jr. , 1999 ) Lack of societal, emotional and moral development Schools and communities foster socialisation and societal interactions among kids. Education plays a major function in developing a peer-peer relation and Fosters societal and emotional development among kids. Lack of equal relation or deficiency of societal interaction entails that kids have no childs to play or socialise with ; the consequence is that they are left in isolation. Lack of societal, emotional and moral development has a batch to make with the rise in offense and it is going more hard for the childs to populate socially, understanding the feelings of others so they turn inward. Schools and communities make it impossible for them to continue their isolation and the consequence is a show of emotions and eruptions of force either verbal or physical. Harmonizing to WHO documents on mental wellness ( Hendren, Birell Weisin and Orley, 1994 ) , about one in five kids will hold an emotional/behavioural upset at sometime during their growing regardless of where they live or ho w good to make they are and it is the clip where instruction plays a major portion since emotionally disturbed kids exhibit damages in many ways, i.e. dropping out of school or non traveling to school wholly, holding hapless ego images, holding hapless equal dealingss and to boot they may hold small regard for the jurisprudence of their society and grownups. Lack of female instruction Lack of female instruction entails the highest societal and economic returns. Uneducated female parents are less likely to direct their kids to schools. The gender spread in instruction and deficiency of vocational preparation for females has foregone a great chance by non capitalising on the big rates of return of female schooling on economic productiveness. At times the Torahs and civilization of the society do non supply justness, regard and equal chance for everyone. In the underdeveloped universe, adult females seldom have any say in the family personal businesss. Men control every facet of their lives and they wholly depend on them as they have no nest eggs or securities of their ain. Womans so experience left out of the mainstream society and are the victims of favoritism giving a rise to domestic force. Many kids who are direct victims of, or informant to such force become angry and full of fury and become felons themselves. ( Flannery Jr, 1999 ) Early on childhood Education in developing universe context In developing states, over half a billion kids that is about 40 % of developing universe, battle to last on less than $ 1 per twenty-four hours. A Countless kids are forced into labor, armed forces and harlotry. A Poverty, with turning prevalence of struggle and HIV/AIDS pandemic, conveying approximately greater challenges to better the wellbeing of kids in developing states. Many kids younger than 5 old ages in developing states are exposed to multiple hazards, including poorness, malnutrition, hapless wellness, and unexciting place environments, which harmfully affect their cognitive, motor, and socio-emotional development. ( Cho, n.d. ) The negative impact of limited entree to instruction, and its hapless quality, is disproportionately borne by hapless and marginalized kids. For these households, heavy work loads affect every facet of their kids s attention. In a life of crunching poorness, it is non surprising that the most deprived households feel powerless to advance their kids s best developmental and educational involvements. When parents have had small entree to instruction, they frequently underestimate their ability to back up their immature kids s acquisition, linguistic communication and sense of themselves. Verbal interaction is frequently highly limited. Families lasting in poorness tend to concentrate on maintaining kids fed ; the development of physical accomplishments and societal duty. Other developmental spheres such as cognitive, psycho-social, emotional and physical accomplishments are largely neglected and abused. Situation of early childhood instruction in Pakistan Out of the entire primary school age population, 38.2 % of the males and 49.2 % of the females, jointly organizing 43 % of the primary school age population are out of school. Pakistan has the 3rd largest out of school population. ( UNICEF, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the National Education Census ( 2006 ) out of 227,791 establishments in Pakistan merely 1081 were pre-primary schools i.e. merely 0.5 % of the entire educational establishments of Pakistan. The little proportion of pre primary establishments in Pakistan entails lower registration rates in the primary schools. Soon kids between the age ranges of 1-4 attend schools informally with their siblings and do non inscribe hence falsifying the official statistics of pre-primary instruction in Pakistan. Given the enterprises that the authorities has taken to supply installations to kids, be it under the streamer of the early childhood instruction or primary instruction budget allotment has ever been a major issue. Harmonizing to UNESCO Statistics ( 2005 ) , Pakistan s outgo on primary instruction is negligible as a proportion of its entire outgo. Even though, the financial budget of Pakistan offers merely 3.56 % on instruction does non imply a higher budget allotment for early childhood instruction as it has ever been a low precedence as compared to the other educational ends of Pakistan. Data of educational degree of the Juvenile Prison inmates- Central Jail, Karachi. S.No Education degree No of Children 1 No schooling 56 2 Pre-School 0 3 Class I- V 52 4 Class V-VIII 12 5 Class VIII-X 0 6 Class X-XII 3 A Entire 123 The above information has been collected from the Juvenile prison, Central Jail, Karachi ( Pakistan ) . A sum of 123 kids are in the prison of age group 15-18. Out of which 56 i.e. 46 per centum of the wrongdoers have neer taken any signifier of instruction. None of the kids have undergone pre-schooling. A sum of 52 kids i.e. 42 per centum of the kids belonged to the scope of category I to V, 10 per centum of the kids have undergone instruction from Class V-VIII whereas none of the kids belong to the instruction degree group of VIII-X and merely 2 per centum of the kids have completed their higher secondary i.e. up to Class XII. Harmonizing to the Superintended Police, YOIS Central Jail, Karachi, Pakistan about all the kids in the Juvenile Prison belong to poverty ridden households. Most of the kids are those who have been thrown out of their houses and neglected by their households ; are drug nuts and even if they have attained any signifier of instruction which is depicted in the informations above it lacks quality. He believes that the cause for the condemnable activities by these immature kids is poorness, deficiency of household support, unemployment, deficiency of nutrition installations and most significantly deficiency of instruction. In order to heighten kids s accomplishments and cognition after they are released from the prison so that they are able to gain a support independently, he has established and organized assorted educational activities for the kids such as schooling, electrician accomplishments, cement work, plumbing, nursing, tailoring, computing machine accomplishments etc. Out of the 123 kids in the Juvenile Prison 79 kids go to school in the prison, 5 kids are involved in larning electrician accomplishments, 16 kids are larning plumbing accomplishments, 10 kids are larning cement work, 4 kids are larning orienting accomplishments and 8 kids are larning computing machine. There is no budget allocated for these activities from the authorities of Pakistan and these activities are carried out by the aid of NGOs. Since, we have unable to command the condemnable activities outside it is of import that we provide them such an ambiance in the prison so that when they are released they are able to go better citizens of the state and in order to heighten this a focal point is given on physical, moral and societal development of kids by supplying them instruction in the prison. ( Aman, 2011 ) Narratives from the Juvenile prison inmates in Karachi, Pakistan Case Study 1 Amir Ali is a 15 twelvemonth old male child, who lives in Hazrat Bilal Colony, a little town in the metropolis of Karachi. Harmonizing to him he attended school from category I to category VI but did non retrieve anything from school as it has been 3-4 old ages since he left school. He was convicted for the instance of nobbling for ransom with his equals. The equals instigated him towards this behavior and he got a quarry to the bad company. It was need for money that farther prompted him to affect himself in robbery and stealing since there were no employment chances and poorness was at its extremum. He farther added that through instruction he could hold gotten work and be a respectable citizen of the society. He is acquiring vocational preparation in the prison where he is larning electrician accomplishments and believes that when he gets out of the prison he will be able to acquire himself work and gain a life for himself and the household. Case Study 2 Javed is a 14 twelvemonth old male child life in Banaras, Badshah Khan Chowk, a little town in Karachi, Pakistan. He has been convicted for the instance of auto larceny. Javed has neer attained any instruction. Due to the drab and baleful school environment he was neer interested in it and would ever roll on the streets with his equals. His parents did non even take involvement in his instruction and neer questioned him about his enterprises as they were busy in run intoing the basic necessities of household members. He is merely able to compose his name in Urdu linguistic communication. He is besides involved in taking drugs and would make robbery and stealing so that with the money he is able to acquire his drug supply. He is acquiring instruction in the prison and harmonizing to him since there is no other activity in the prison, he attends school. He is besides larning cement work so that when he goes out of the gaol, he is able to gain a life and be a assisting manus for the household. Case Study 3 Rehman is a 16 twelvemonth old male child who lives in Chanasa Goth, Mamdabad ; a little town in Karachi. He has been convicted for the instance of slaying which harmonizing to him he has non committed but his equals has but since they all lived in the same settlement ; the constabulary arrested all of them present at the topographic point of slaying. He has neer attended any school because the household income was non plenty to back up the life therefore he had to work from an early age as a drudge. His equals were involved in assorted condemnable activities and they would besides affect him and because of poorness he would yield to it. In the prison he is larning electrician accomplishments and besides acquiring instruction. He has realized that gaol is non a good topographic point. At least when he is place, he is at peace even if he is gaining a minimum sum of money for his life. Key ways in which early childhood programme affect both juvenile and grownup offense Role of environment and quality schooling Quality schooling ensures better larning chances for kids and contributes positively to kids s larning outcomes. Positive and contributing environment helps greatly in the growing and development of a kid. Poor environment may bring forth serious maladjustments in a individual and these may finally take to destructive inclinations, delinquency etc. ( Gupta, 2009 ) . Early childhood development programmes aim to supply holistic course of study, active acquisition and rich stimulating environment. High/Scope attack, one of the ECD methodological analysiss, places a strong accent on the layout of the pre-school and supplying appropriate stuff to enable kids to do picks and determinations and research the universe through those experiences. Harmonizing to Dr Weikart, In the High/Scope attack to early childhood instruction, grownups and kids portion control. We recognize that the power to larn resides in the kid, therefore the focal point on active acquisition patterns. When we accept that larning comes from within, we achieve a critical balance in educating immature kids. Active larning depends on adult-child interaction and grownups play a consistent function in back uping their kid s acquisition. ( Pound, 2005 ) Role of households and communities in early childhood instruction Parent s part to the early childhood instruction contributes to a smooth passage in farther schooling and engagement in their kid s hereafter. When households are involved in their kids s early childhood instruction, kids may see greater success once they enter simple school ( Miedel A ; Reynolds, 1999 ) . An ideal household is the one which provides a friendly and hospitable environment conducive to the proper development of kid s emotions and abilities. The consequence of place environment therefore has a permanent influence on the developing personality of the kid. Parent s instruction degree particularly that of female parent is a preditor of the degree of quality attention and instruction kids will finally have. Early childhood development programmes recognize the function of households resourcefulness in raising their kids and stressing their function as their kids s first and most of import instructors. ( Gupta, 2009 ) . Research supports the belief that high-quality instruc tion can non be without parental engagement. Studies show that parental engagement in acquisition has a positive impact on pupil accomplishment, while cut downing the dropout rate. In add-on, at schools where parental engagement is high, the achievement degree of all pupils in the school improves ( Carey, Lewis, A ; Farris, 1998 ) . Poor place conditions, broken households, cruel intervention, friendlessness etc are likely to bring forth cardinal alterations in a individual and such want by households and communites in the early old ages can hold serious reverberations on the development of kid s personality in the ulterior old ages. Female instruction and employment chances The gender spread in Pakistan suggests that the state has foregone a great chance by non capitalising on the big rates of return of female schooling on economic productiveness therefore losing the economic chances that have been exploited by many developing states by increasing instruction entree for the majority therefore heightening their family incomes and cut downing poorness ( Hussain, 2005 ) . Early childhood development programmes references gender issues at multiple degrees through advancing entree to instruction for misss, community mobilisation in support of attention and instruction for misss and rearing programmes which build s female parents assurance and accomplishments so that they are able to take better determinations for their kid and involve themselves in assorted preparation activities to bring forth employment chances. Developing linkages with the authorities There has been a concern in Pakistan about the low literacy rate and hapless quality instruction. The instruction sector has been neglected over the old ages although consecutive authoritiess have repeatedly stressed the importance of instruction in their planning and scheme. Early childhood instruction in Pakistan has ever remained a low precedence for the authorities. Early on childhood intercession brings the parents and communities together to further their kids s development by developing capacities to joint local authorities and NGOs. The authorities section lacks a amalgamate undertaking force that caters to the early childhood development, therefore early childhood development programmes aim to set up linkages between changing authorities sections i.e. ministry of instruction, ministry of adult females development, ministry of kids personal businesss providing to different facets of mark age groups of the ECD so that a important work can be done for kids s instruction, rights and protection. Let go ofing Assurance and Creativity: An Early Childhood Development Programme The Releasing Confidence and Creativity Programme seek to guarantee a good start in life for immature kids in Pakistan. It is chiefly concerned with bettering the quality and handiness of early childhood development ( ECD ) programmes, particularly for hapless and marginalized kids age 0 to 8 old ages. The RCC programme works on multiple degrees beef uping quality proviso for immature kids in schools, communities and households, every bit good as edifice capacity and commiting committedness at territory and national degrees. In order to concentrate on the betterment of the abilities of households and communities to efficaciously back up their kids s early development, RCC has developed an ECD system through networking ; certification ; research ; airing and protagonism. RCC under the umbrella of AKES, P is back uping 95 extremist hapless community based, authorities and Aga Khan Schools in the states of KPK, Sindh and GB in Pakistan. The RCC programme s aims focuses on spread outing entree and bettering the quality of instruction and earning in ECD categories, increasing miss kid registration, helping households and communities to increase their cognition and accomplishments towards ECD ; constructing stakeholders capacity in instruction system and beef up ECD larning webs. Results In order to accomplish the above mentioned aims, the cardinal results of the RCC programme are as under: Improved learning environment and quality schooling The RCC schools provides developmentally appropriate, vivacious and fostering larning environments in all its ECD categories which starts from Pr-Nursery to category II that entail the age group of 3 old ages and above boulder clay age eight. The RCC schoolrooms ambiances are attractive, welcoming and posses age appropriate and synergistic shows and larning stuff. Through this acquisition environment, the registration ratio has increased enormously. Since the beginning of RCC programme the entire registration was 1872 in 2006 and now it has increased to a sum of 22842 in 2010. RCC programme besides focus on improved pedagogical accomplishments of instructors so that they are better equipped to efficaciously be after lessons and utilize more synergistic, activity based instruction methodological analysiss. The instructors pattern High-Scope learning methodological analysis in their schoolrooms as this attack was initiated and proved effectual in the extremist hapless community to back up kids s larning with low cost and no cost stuff. RCC squad members comprised of maestro trainers are educationally well-qualified and contextually experienced every bit good as are professionally developed in ECD. Nevertheless, every twelvemonth, one cohort of RCC school instructors are imparted with structured preparation programme and at the same time they are provided ongoing field based support through strict monitoring and refresher programmes. It is apparent that since 2006 the RCC programme has professionally developed 1693 instructors of category ECD I-IV. The follow ing table depicts the dislocation of the donees of instructor preparation programmes. Courses Institution No of Beneficiaries Advance Diploma in Leadership and Management AKU-IED 1 Advance Diploma in ECD AKU-HDP 13 ECED Certificate Course AKU-IED 36 Tailor made classs on ECED AKU-IED 36 Teachers Training on ECD-New Batch AKES, P 684 Teachers Training, Refresher Course AKES, P 591 Other Training Programs IED/HDP/AKES, P 332 The impact of the improved pedagogical accomplishments of instructors is that all the RCC-ECD schoolrooms are activity based with more confident, originative and caring kids. Besides, their faculty members, the practical cognition of life accomplishments are every bit emphasised. Children collaboratively works in groups, confidently presents their undertakings and positively review with justifications. Therefore job resolution, creativeness and brooding pattern is obviously seeable in the categories. In add-on to their cognitive and physical development, their other of import development sphere such as societal, emotional and moral development is besides determined. Improved parents and community engagement in early childhood development As mentioned above, the households play an of import function in the holistic development of their kids. RCC works to act upon the environments impacting the kid, household, community, school and policy ; hence they are supportive of immature kids s overall development. Before the intercession of the RCC programmatic activities, the communities baseline information was collected through a study. The inquiries raised during the BSL study determined the already possessed early childhood development cognition and accomplishments of parents and communities. Its consequences showed that the RCC communities before the programmatic intercession were least concerned of their kids. Their kids were left with neighbors or with the senior siblings. Children were neer keen to go to the school because of the unfriendly and baleful environment by the instructors and school governments. In order to acquire best consequences of the RCC programme s activities, households and communities were convince d and involved in the school activities. RCC programme initiated its pilot programme for the kids from pre-natal boulder clay age three. In this class, five communities with about 150-200 households are selected for programme intercession. All the mothers/fathers of kids below age three every bit good as anticipant female parents are enrolled in the programme. The female parents are invited to go to a Centre based Sessionss on the effectual raising and lovingness patterns and how to turn to the ECD issues and jobs predominating in the communities. Concurrently, place based visits are paid by the programme squad to supervise and advice female parents on ECD patterns at place. Sessions for striplings and elder siblings of the participant kids are besides organized so that they can show ability to recommend and back up immature siblings and their households as future parents even after the undertaking ends. Hence, the programme provides positive counsel that supports cognitive, physical, societal, moral, emotional and lingual development and the growing of emotional intelligence. Simultaneously, through the RCC programme s consciousness Sessionss for parents, the accomplishments and assurance of health professionals to back up their babes and immature kids is enhanced. Community-based ECD services ( in a community Centre, a school, a wellness Centre and through community mobilizers and teacher pedagogues ) provides support for parents to obtain advice and aid on a scope of wellness, nutrition, development subjects, or they come together for rearing Sessionss, informal playgroups, etc. These awareness Sessionss are conducted in the school premises where all the community members are invited. As the rural communities do non pay much heed to the importance of early childhood development therefore they do non affect themselves in the school activities. RCC focal point on developing dealingss between school and parents/communities in order to obtain maximal parental quality clip for their kids s emotional, societal and moral development and the sustain the progra mmatic activities after the phase-out of the programme. Hence, the programme aims to guarantee that kids are ready for school and schools are ready for kids. As the RCC parents and community members are non financially stable and literate therefore paying their kids s school fees and helping them in their surveies was upseting and disputing for them. In order to undertake with such state of affairs, RCC initiated Adult Literacy Centre ( ALC ) and entrepreneur skill enhancement Sessionss for them. Through these preparation programmes, at present about 880 parents have completed their progress class of the ALC and 228 figure of female parents have learnt sewing, embellishment and other accomplishments Improved and strengthened linkages amongst ECD practicians and organisation In order to prolong the programmatic activities in the communities, the RCC programme strengthened its linkages with authorities functionaries and community representatives through circulating its best patterns and lessons learnt for more consciousness and protagonism among the stakeholders. A cardinal accent in fiting authorities opposite numbers to encompass and take ownership of ECD attempts encourage mainstreaming and scaling up of the attacks used in RCC. RCC has been unusually successful in set uping a existent community of acquisition and a vivacious web of spouses. The accent is on go oning this close partnership and progressively conveying others into the web so that RCC s interaction with authorities, givers and other organisations continually increases in a more systematic manner. This would develop a pool of interlinked reciprocally supportive spouses that have programmes/material/ courses/ information to back up ECD. The programme besides undertakes surveies and research to better inform decision-makers sing costs and options. Careful attending is given to the quality of everyday monitoring and specific surveies which track alteration over clip. Recommendations Childs are the investing of any state for its hereafter ; nevertheless research has proved that the poorness ridden kids suffer from the twenty-four hours they are born. Similarly, in Pakistan most of the households are below the poorness line hence could non afford the basic necessities such as nutrient, clean H2O, basic vesture and shelter, hence most of these households kids are turned into felons. In order to construct a strong hereafter by puting in our hereafter coevals, the undermentioned points are recommended for instructors, parents, community members and authorities functionaries of Pakistan. Early on childhood instruction and development demands to be exhaustively recognized in the instruction system of Pakistan. Schools should be well-equipped with the ECD installations and should supply a welcoming environment to pull the immature coevals towards school to go to it and extinguish bead out instances. Simultaneously, instructors should be good qualified and professionally developed with high morale to learn in the ECD categories and finally command delinquency. S/he should determine an active acquisition environment with custodies on experience activities in the ECD schoolroom. Children need to be pragmatically educated to obey Torahs and concentrate on disciplinary bar. The household serves as most influential substance in child life from which s/he gets the thought of society, beliefs, values and norms. Child s early experiences are determined by the household therefore parents should be really careful of their kids s holistic development. Parents should guarantee that they spend choice clip with their kids. Their friend circle and comrades should be supervised in order to avoid kids delinquency. Diversion and physical activities are indispensable for kids to supply an mercantile establishment for their physical, societal and emotional energies. Child

Free Essays on Injustice Toward Women

Injustice Towards Women During the 1900’s In the film Les Miserables, women are treated horribly. The forms of mistreatment are made evident throughout the film and show the harsh realities of life during the 19th century. This was a time in which Les Miserables takes place. During this period, there was discrimination, of women. They were constantly being viewed as shallow and inferior to men. They carried no power within society and were expected to present themselves in a decent manner. Women who did not live up to society’s expectations faced the consequences of being looked down upon and degraded by all who lived amoung them. Fantine, the mother of Cosette in les Miserables, is a perfect example displaying the many acts of injustice, which took place towards women in the 19th century. In Les Miserables, Fantine is displayed as a character that is weakened by the oppression of society. She is a young woman who earns a living working in a factory comprised entirely of women. In those days, men and women were often separated at work in order to preserve their innocence. Innocence was a very valuable obsession and the loss of a woman’s innocence was not tolerated during these times. Unfortunately, Fantine becomes a victim of lost innocence and she bears a child out of wedlock. The head lady at the factory disapproves of Fantine’s sinful ways. Fantine is forced to return to the streets of France. Knowing that no one will hire such a tainted woman, Fantine has no other choice but to sell her self to men in order to feed herself and her child. During the 19th century, women who bore children out of wedlock were shown neither compassion nor respect. It was a very shameful thing to have a child and to not be married. Society was very judgmental about this issue and many women hid themselves from the cruelty of the public. Today, the act of having a child out of wedlock is not aslooked down upon, and it has b... Free Essays on Injustice Toward Women Free Essays on Injustice Toward Women Injustice Towards Women During the 1900’s In the film Les Miserables, women are treated horribly. The forms of mistreatment are made evident throughout the film and show the harsh realities of life during the 19th century. This was a time in which Les Miserables takes place. During this period, there was discrimination, of women. They were constantly being viewed as shallow and inferior to men. They carried no power within society and were expected to present themselves in a decent manner. Women who did not live up to society’s expectations faced the consequences of being looked down upon and degraded by all who lived amoung them. Fantine, the mother of Cosette in les Miserables, is a perfect example displaying the many acts of injustice, which took place towards women in the 19th century. In Les Miserables, Fantine is displayed as a character that is weakened by the oppression of society. She is a young woman who earns a living working in a factory comprised entirely of women. In those days, men and women were often separated at work in order to preserve their innocence. Innocence was a very valuable obsession and the loss of a woman’s innocence was not tolerated during these times. Unfortunately, Fantine becomes a victim of lost innocence and she bears a child out of wedlock. The head lady at the factory disapproves of Fantine’s sinful ways. Fantine is forced to return to the streets of France. Knowing that no one will hire such a tainted woman, Fantine has no other choice but to sell her self to men in order to feed herself and her child. During the 19th century, women who bore children out of wedlock were shown neither compassion nor respect. It was a very shameful thing to have a child and to not be married. Society was very judgmental about this issue and many women hid themselves from the cruelty of the public. Today, the act of having a child out of wedlock is not aslooked down upon, and it has b...

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Categories of client-server architecture and problems faced by hures

Categories of client-server architecture and problems faced by hures Question One: Do you think the problems faced by Hures, both past and present, are unique? Why or why not? I consider the problem faced by Hures, both past and the present are not unique. I understand the fact that, client server computing had an huge impact on the organization but as with all new technologies, there are many confronts and questions with hard to find answers. To solve this issue, Hures can use the client/server architecture, which is divided into following categories: 1. Client server architecture 2. One-Tier architecture 3. Two-Tier architecture 4. Three-Tier architecture 5. N-Tire architecture Client server architecture: Client-server explains the relationship between two computer programs in one, the client program, makes a service request to another, the server program, explains communication between any end nodes and a shared resource. Servers differ in size and functionality and can be anything from a PC based server, to a midrange computer, to a main frame. Client server architecture is totally flexible to Hures multiple client program. Client server architecture in which the presentation, the application processing, and the data management are logically a separate process, which makes it very flexible and expandable approach to building system software. Unlike typical client/server applications, this architecture services multiple clients, supports client disconnection and provides a flexible framework for adding application. Hures is a leading human resources service provider using TCP/IP. Hures should also consider using a communication protocol such as the shared variable which gives a higher level application programming interface (API) and abstracting the lower level details, such as handling multiple clients. One -Tier Architecture: One tier application is a simple program which no needs to access the network when it is running. This one tier application includes most of the simple desktop applications like word processors or compilers. One tier architecture application runs on a single computer. Web browser is part of a two-tier application (a Web server being the other part). But what happens if that Web browser downloads a Java applet and runs it? If the applet doesnt access the network while running, is it a one-tier or two-tier application? For present purposes, we will say that the self-contained applet is a one-tier application, since it is contained entirely on the client computer. One-tier architecture has a huge advantage, simplicity being one of them. No One-tier applications handle any network protocols, so their code is simple. The users requests dont need to cross the network, wait for their turn at the server. This has the added effect of not weighing down your network with extra traffic, and not weighing down your server with extra work. Two-Tier architecture: Two-tier architecture actually has got three parts which are client, server, and protocol. The protocol links the gap between the client and server tiers. The two-tier design is very effective for network programming as well as for GUI programs, in which you can allocate functionality to the host. GUI code lives on the client host, and the so-called business logic lives on the server host. Two-tier application is a client-server program with a GUI front-end written in a high-level language like Java, C++, or Visual Basic. In the two-tier program, you can see the clear separation between front and back tier. Hures input is given by the HTTP get request, via an HTML form which the user fills out. Its output is one or more HTML files. All the calculation happens on the server. In some cases, you can write a two-tier application without writing a server or designing a protocol. For example, you can write a Web browser that talks to a Web server using the HTTP protocol. However, if you have to write your own server, or design and execute your own protocol, you can spend more time writing your program than you would if you were writing a one-tier application. Three-Tier architecture: A three-tier will need to store data on a server. The information is stored on the file system. However data honesty issues arise when multiple clients ask the server to do tasks. Since file systems have concurrency controls at best common solution is to add a third program or database. Databases specialize in storing, retrieving, and indexing data. Just as two-tier architecture separates GUI and business logic, three-tier architecture lets you to separate business logic and data access. You can also offer highly optimized data indices and retrieval methods, and provide for replication, backup, redundancy, and load-balancing procedures specific to your datas needs. Separating code into client and server code increases the scalability of your application so does placing data on a dedicated process, host, or series of hosts. SQL RDBMS, like those from Oracle and Sybase, other database types. You may have heard the names of some of these other types OODBs, ORDBs. The three tier architecture has the following three tiers: Presentation Tier: This is by far the top upmost level of the application. This tier displays information related to such services as browsing merchandise and shopping cart. Application Tier: Is the logic tier pulled out from the presentation tier. This controls application by performing detailed processing. Data Tier: consist of database server. Here the information is stored and retrieved. N-Tire architecture: N-tier architectures are the best thing to happen to computer since the vacuum tube. Proponents of CORBA, EJB, and DCOM believe that every new application should be written, and every existing application should be retrofitted, to support their favorite spec. In the universe of distributed objects thus imagined, writing a new application is as simple as choosing objects and sending messages to them in high-level code. The distributed object protocol handles the wicked, low-level details of parameter marshaling, networking, locating the remote objects, transaction management, and so forth. A good example of N tier application is a stock trading system. In this system, we have multiple data feeds arrive from different sources, multiple databases are accessed and multiple clients run specialized applications. It makes sense to merge together the disparate patches in this quilt with the thread of common distributed object architecture, like CORBA or EJB CORBA is a mechanism in software for normalizing the method-call semantics between application objects that live in either in the same address space (application) or remote address space (same host, or remote host on a network). CORBA uses an interface definition language (IDL) to specify the interfaces that objects will present to the outside world. In addition to giving users with a language and a platform-neutral remote procedure call specification, CORBA defines commonly needed services such as transactions and security, events, time, and other domain-specific interface mod A CORBA implementation comes with a tool called an IDL compiler which converts the users IDL code into some language-specific generated code. A traditional compiler then compiles the generated code to create the linkable-object files for the application. Key: ORB vendor supplied code ORB vendor tool generated code User defined application code Advantages: 1. Client- server architecture enables the roles and responsibilities of a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers. Which are known to each other only through network Advantages of this would be greater ease of maintenance I.e. it is possible to replace, repair, upgrade or even relocate 2. All the data are stored on the server, has a far greater security and protection. Severs can better control access and resources, to guarantee that only those clients with the appropriate permission may access and change data. 3. Data storage is centralised, which makes it very easier to update. Disadvantages: 1. Traffic congestion on the network will be an issue. As the number of simultaneous client request to a given server increases, the server can become over loaded. Where with P2P network, its bandwidth actually increases as more nodes are added. 2. The client-server paradigm lacks the robustness of a good P2P network. Under client-server, should a critical server fail, clients requests cannot be fulfilled. In P2P networks, resources are usually distributed among many nodes. Even if one or more nodes depart and abandon a downloading file, for example, the remaining nodes should still have the data needed to complete the download. Question Two: Suggest alternative architectures that could be used to overcome the problems faced by Hures current Client/Server technology The alternative architecture that could be used to overcome this issue, would be the common object request broker architecture (CORBA). This is the most successful representative of an object-based distributed computing architecture. CORBAs service context gives an efficient and stylish design and implementation approach for building distributed systems. Java RMI (Remote Method Invocation) cant easily support transparent service-context propagation without incrementing the underlying protocol. This article describes a generic lightweight solution for supporting transparent and protocol-independent service-context propagation over RMI. Reflection-based techniques are used to emulate whats normally seen in protocol-specific service-context implementations. This article introduces you to a real-world solution and the related distributed-computing design concept, as well as Java reflection techniques. We start with an overview of the CORBA object request broker (ORB) interceptor and the service-context design architecture. Then a concrete implementation example describes the actual solution and demonstrates how RMI invocation is actually massaged to propagate service-context data, such as transaction context, which is usually offered through the IIOP (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol) layer. Lastly, performance considerations are discussed. Interceptor and service context in CORBA In the CORBA architecture, the invocation interceptor plays an important role in the function provided by the ORB runtime. Generally speaking, four interception points are available through the ORB runtime. As shown in Figure 1, these interception points are for: 1. Out bound request message from the client process 2. In bound request messages to the server process 3. Out bound response messages from the server process 4. In bound response messages to the client process Question Three: One of the suggestions proposed by Hures IS department is the use of intranet web technology. Examine the pros and cons of such an idea. An intranet is a personal computer network that uses internet technologies to securely share any part of an organisations information or operational system with its employees. Intranet shares most of the characteristics of the Internet, but in at least one way, its fundamentally different. And just as the Internet has had profound effect on how we communicate, intranets have transformed the business world as well. HURES has small businesses have implemented this network infrastructure, improving productivity while reducing costs. As I mentioned earlier, the intranet has very similar characteristics to internet, this also backed by the fact that, intranet is built from the same concepts and technologies used for the internet, such as client-server computing and the internet protocol (TCP/IP). All the well known internet protocol such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail) and FTP (file transfer) are also found in intranet. Intranet is designed to use within small business, university or organisation. What makes them different from the internet is that, internet are freely accessible, where as intranet is a private network by using off-the-shelf Internet technology, intranets solve this problem, making internal communication and collaboration. Traditionally, corporations relied on proprietary hardware and software systems to network its computers, a costly and time-consuming process made more difficult when offices are scattered around the world. Even hardware platforms, file formats and software are not an easy task. Much easier Intranets use HTML to create documents and TCP/IP to transmit information across the network. Information is stored on one or more company servers and accessed by using a web browser, this self-contained, miniature Internet can have all the same featuresindividual home pages, newsgroups, e-mailbut access is restricted to employees and contractors. For Hures employees they already familiar with surfing the Web, learning how to navigate the company intranet requires little training. Intranet web pages have the same point-and-click interface. While its useful for an intranet to connect to the Internet, its certainly not essential. Even if they do connect externally, companies restrict access to their intranet from the Internet by building a firewall. With so much corporate information available on internal servers, security is essential. At the beginning life was simple. Computers were separate individual devices. Programs had access to all the computers input and output through computer-connected devices. The life became complicated with invention of networks. We now have to write programs that depend on other programs running on far away computers. A brief definition: A distributed application is a system comprised of programs running on multiple host computers. The architecture of this distributed application is a sketch of the different programs, describing which programs are running on which hosts, what their responsibilities are, and what protocols determine the ways in which different parts of the system talk to one another. Three-tier application adds a third program to the mix, usually a database, in which the server stores its data. The three-tier application is an incremental improvement to the two-tier architecture. The flow of information is still essentially linear: a request comes from the client to the server; the server requests or stores data in the database; the database returns information to the server; the server returns information back to the client. N-tier architecture, on the other hand, allows an unlimited number of programs to run simultaneously, send information to one another, use different protocols to communicate, and interact concurrently. This allows for a much more powerful application, providing many different services to many different clients. However, the leap from three-tier to n-tier or the leap from one- to two-tier, or from two- to three-tier, for that matter must not be taken lightly. Its easy to open a can of worms, but you always need a bigger can to put them back in. The proponents of these technologies are infatuated with their advantages, and often fail to mention the disadvantages of jumping to a more complicated architecture. In this article, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each style of architecture, and give you some information that will help you choose the right architecture for your application. Consider these reasons before choosing a product because its fact sheet promises to make your life easier. Here is the table summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of using Intranets: Advantages Disadvantages Fast, easy, low cost to implement Management fears loss of control Connectivity with other system Hidden costs Many Tools available Potential for chaos Access to internal and external information Unauthorized access Improves communication Information overload lowers productivity Can capture and share knowledge Increase collaboration and coordination Supports links with customers and partners Question Four: Do you think the popularity of intranets and the Internet pose threats to traditional Client/Server systems? Intranet and your public website on the open Internet are two dissimilar information spaces and should have two different user interface designs. It is alluring to try to save design resources by reusing a single design, but it is a bad idea to do so because the two types of site vary along several dimensions. Intranet users are your own employees who know a lot about the company, its organizational structure, and special terminology and circumstances. Your Internet site is used by customers who will know much less about your company and also care less about it. The intranet is used for everyday work inside the company, including some quite complex applications; the Internet site is mainly used to find out information about your products. The amount of information varies. An intranet has between ten and a hundred times as many pages as the same companys public website. The difference is due to the general amount of work-in-progress that is documented on the intranet and the fact that many projects and departments never publish anything publicly even though they have many internal documents. Bandwidth and cross-platform needs vary. Intranets often run between a hundred and a thousand times faster than most Internet users Web access which is stuck at low-band or mid-band, so it is possible to use rich graphics and even multimedia and other advanced content on intranet pages. Also, it is sometimes possible to control what computers and software versions are supported on an intranet. Intranet and your website are two different information spaces. They should look different in order to let employees know when they are on the internal net and when they have ventured out to the public site. Different looks will highlight the sense of place and thus make easy navigation. Also, making the two information spaces feel different will make easy an understanding of when an employee is seeing information that can be freely shared with the outside and when the information is internal and confidential. An intranet design should be much more task-oriented and less promotional than an Internet design. A company should only have a single intranet design, so users only have to learn it once. Therefore it is acceptable to use a much larger number of options and features on an intranet since users will not feel scared and overwhelmed as they would on the open Internet where people move rapidly between sites. An intranet will need a much stronger navigational system than an Internet site because it has to encompass a larger amount of information. In particular, the intranet will need a navigation system to facilitate movement between servers, whereas a public website only needs to support within-site navigation. The extranet is a blend of the public Internet and the closed intranet and needs to be designed as such. Fundamentally, an extranet is a part of the Internet since it is accessed by people in many different companies who will be using your public website but will not have access to the truly internal parts of your intranet. Therefore, the visual style and main navigation options of the extranet should be visibly similar to the design of your Internet site your business partners should feel that the two sites come from the same company. A subtle difference in the two styles (e.g., complimentary colour tones) will help emphasize the closed and confidential nature of the extranet. REFERENCES: 1. Gallaugher, J. Ramanathan, S. Choosing a Client/Server Architecture. A Comparison of Two-Tier and Three-Tier Systems. Information Systems Management Magazine 13, 2 (Spring 1996): 7-13. Author: Berson, Alex Title: Client-server architecture / Alex Berson. Published: New York : McGraw-Hill, c1992. Series: J. Ranade series on computer communications 2. Client Server survival guide 3rd edition, by: Robort orfali, dan harkey,jeri Edwards, 1999 john wiley sons Canada 3. Adler, R. M. Distributed Coordination Models for Client/Sever Computing. Computer 28, 4 (April 1995): 14-22. 4. http://www.greatconnect.com/interapps.htm 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA#Overview 6. http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2000/jw-01-ssj-tiers.html?page=1

Educational Philosophies Essay -- Philosophy Education Psychology Essa

Educational Philosophies Many different ideas of the correct educational philosophy exist. Highly acclaimed psychologists and educators developed these varying philosophies. Each of these philosophies have their strengths and weaknesses and have their positives and negatives in different situations. It is our job as educators to sift through this list of philosophies to find our own style and philosophy. We must research the pros and cons of each philosophy and pick and choose which sections of each idea to take out and make our own. Our job is also to familiarize ourselves with the philosophies that we do not agree with. So that we have a clear picture in our minds of what we want and do not want as part of our educational thinking and to have the knowledge to back up these opinions. After reading through different writings on each of these philosophies, I have begun to take on the task of sorting out which I choose to support and which I strongly oppose. Once having a clear idea of which philosophies appeal to me and which do not, I hope to have the groundwork laid to then analyze the philosophies and take from them what I need to develop my own personal philosophy. Sometimes to find out what you are or what you find true, you must first learn what you are not and what you do not find as truth. Therefore, in beginning my search for my own personal philosophy, I began with ruling out the philosophies that I am strongly opposed to. These philosophies are perennialism and behaviorism. Perennialism is a very conservative and inflexible philosophy of education. It is based on the view that reality comes from fundamental fixed truths-especially related to God. It believes that people find truth through reasoning and revelation and that goodness is found in rational thinking. As a result, schools exist to teach reason and God’s will. Students are taught to reason through structured lessons and drills. The teacher’s role is a fountain of knowledge, put in place to regurgitate the wisdom of the past and pass it down to the next generation. To begin with, I find this philosophy extremely outdated since church and state have been separated for quite some time now. Perenialism leaves no room for progression, which seems to be it’s objective. Students in these schools do not learn to think independently. They do not learn creativity or how... ...personal satisfaction. I most identify with this philosophy and strongly agree with the majority of its principles. As stated above, the most important lesson a teacher can teach a child is the importance of learning, the enjoyment of learning and how to learn. Above all, this is the most important lesson. I agree that students are self-motivated if the desire to know something. The job of the teacher is to make the student want to learn, not make the student learn. I agree that self-evaluation and self satisfaction should weigh above grades. Grades should be a measure more for the teacher, not the student. The humanistic philosophy can be effectively applied to literacy mainly with its ideas of choice and desire. Students will be more inclined to write to their best ability and read at a high level if they are the ones choosing the topic to write on or the book to be reading. Humanism parallels with my strongest conviction of teacher and once again I will repeat what I have repeated throughout this entire paper. The goal of literacy learning is to instill a love of reading and writing within them and to give them the tools to continue with that love.

Asian Countries Essay

Many Asian countries such as Singapore, HK, and South Korea have achieved tremendous economic growth in the last forty years of development. One of the key success factors has been macroeconomic stability in these countries. Multiplier effect — population Talk aboit the characteristic of Asian countries-past 40 years –deveoping country –vast raw material 1.  Economic growth is defined as an increased in the level of production of goods and services by a country over a certain period of time. Economic growth can be in terms of real economic growth or potential economic growth. I agree with the author that one of the key factors that have allowed many Asian countries to have achieved economic growth has been macroeconomic stability such as low inflation, low unemployment rate and stable exchange rate in the currency market. However these Asian Countries have achieved tremendous economic growth are also due to other supporting key success factors such as globalisation and political stability enjoyed in these countries which I will explain in this essay. 2.Low Inflation I agree that macroeconomic stability due to low inflation is one key success factor that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries. Inflation is defined as the sustained increased in general price level. When there is low inflation in these Asian countries, it helps to ensure a competitive export industry. This implies that its exports will have a higher price competitiveness over their trading partner hence its export will increased. For example, Singapore, a small and open economy with no natural resources depends mainly on its trade for its economic growth. Hence having a low inflation allows Singapore goods to be relatively cheaper than foreign goods and this cause the net export of Singapore to increase.Low inflation protects domestic industry away from foreign goods competition as the price of the domestic goods is cheaper than foreign goods will cause the demand for imports to fall. Thus low inflation would result in an increased in net export (X-M Low inflation also leads to an increase in the investment expenditure. Since Singapore has low inflation ,it implies that Singapore tends to be more stable and there is less uncertainty, firms and foreign direct investors will find it easier to estimate the costs and revenues of  investments. Hence when inflation is low it will give a good business sentiments and this leads to an increase in investment expenditure. Since net export (X-M) and investment expenditure are components of aggregate demand when net export (X-M) increased and investment expenditure increased, AD will also increase. ( Graph figure1 ) As seen from figure 1,when AD curve shift right from AD1 to AD2 the general price level increase from p1 to p2 and real GDP increases from Y1 to Y2.Thus,Singapore experience real Economic growth as a result of macroeconomic stability due to low inflation. Thus, I agree with the author that one of the key success factors leading to economic growth in many Asian countries is due to macroeconomic stability. 3. Low unemployment Another key success factors that leads to economic growth has been macroeconomic stability due to low unemployment rate. Unemployment is defined as the number of people who is willing and able to work but is unable to find a suitable job and is contantly searching for a job. Asian countries for example Singapore have a low unemployment rate. The low unemployment rate allow the economy in Singapore to produce a larger amount of output and implies a large amount of people in Singapore have income. Thus, having low unemployment rate that the consumers in Singapore have higher spending powers due to higher disposable income and more people having the ability to spend as they holds a job. Thus consumption level in Singapore will increase. In addition, when the unemployment rate in Singapore is low, the government will be able to collect more tax revenue. Also, lesser unemployment benefits is needed to be given to the unemployed and these tax revenue and unemployment funds could be used by government to improve the infrastructure of Singapore which would attract more foreign direct investor. Since consumption( C ) ,(G) government expenditure and (I) investment which are components of AD, when C,G and I increase, AD will also increase. An initial increase in AD will leads to a more than proportionate increase in the real national income through the multiplier process. However for Asian countries like Singapore the mulitiplier size is small due to a small population size and large leakage of the circular flow of income. Hence the extent of shift of the AS curve is greater than the extent of  shift of the AD curve. As seen from figure 2 ,when AD curve shift from AD1 to AD2 and AS curve shift from AS1 to AS2 , the general price level decrease from P1 to P2 and the real GDP increases from Y1 to Y2.Thus , there is econonomic growth where hence there will be increased in real GDP thus there is in the short run there is real economic growth in the short runwhereas In the long run, the increase in investment expenditure will cause an increase in potential economic growth due to the increase in productivity and productive capacity as a result of the increase in capital goods. Hence , Asian countries like Singapore experience real economic growth in the short run and potential economic growth in the long run as a result of macroeconomic stability due to low unemployment. Thus I agree with the author that macroeconomic stability due to low unemployment is one of the key success factors that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries. 4. Stable exchange rate Another key success factors that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries like Singapore has been macroeconomic stability due to stable exchange rate. Stable exchange rate provides good business sentiments for firms and investor as the outlook of the economy is optimistic. Also, stable exchange rate is important especially to investors who depend heavily on importing raw materials for production of their goods. This is because stable exchange rate allows these firms and investors to estimate ahead the costs of operations and the returns in the long run. Thus having stable exchange rate in Asian countries like Singapore provide confidence to investors and hence stable exchange rate serve as an incentive to attract foreign director investor. Since investment expenditure is a component of AD when investment increased, AD will increased in the short run and AS will increase in the long run as investor brings in new technology and more efficient production methods which helps to i mprove the productivity and increase the productive capacity. As seen in figure 3,when AD curve shift right from AD1 to AD2 and AS curve  shift right from AS1 to AS2 ,the general price level decrease from P1 to P2 and the real gd* increases from Y1 to Y2.Since real GDP increased,it implies that there is economic growth. For Asian countries like Singapore, where we are small and open with no natural resources we depend heavily on foreign direct investment apart from trade to achieve economic growth.( Investment revenue statistic how much Investment contribute to GDP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦)Thus, I agree with the author that macroeconomic stability due to stable exchange rate is one of the key success factors that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries. 5.Globalisation However, to achieve tremendous economic growth in many Asian countries based solely on macroeconomic stability is not enough, hence there are other supporting key success factors such as globalisation and political stability that helps to contribute to the tremendous economic growth in many Asian countries. Globalisation is a phenomenon where the markets of global economy become more integrated. With globalisation it also means that there will be faster diffusion of ideas, information, and technology across the world. Globalisations have led a reduction in trade barriers. Globalisation helps to increase international trade between countries which is especially important for countries like Singapore who depends heavily on export revenue for economic growth. Globalisation has allow the production costs to lower because countries specialise in goods which they have comparative advantage in producing and allow them to import the cheapest raw material helps them to lower their cost of pro duction. Singapore has no natural resources this means that Singapore import all of its raw materials. Thus, the process of globalisation helps Singapore to lower its cost of production and allow the price of its final goods and services to be cheaper. This will increase the price competiveness of Singapore exports as they are relatively cheaper than foreign goods. Since the export revenue will be higher than the import expenditure net exports(X-M) will increased. Net export is a component of AD, thus AD will also increased. As seen from figure 4,when AD curve shift right from AD1 to AD2 the real GDP increases from Y1 to Y2.Thus,Singapore experience Economic growth as a result of macroeconomic stability due globalisation. and real GDP will increased hence economic growth is achieved. Thus globalisation is undeniable playing as key success  factors that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries. 6.Political Stability Political stability provides the outlook of the economy of the country. Many Asian countries like Singapore has very good governance with strict rules and regulations together with the sound infrastructure making it a conducive place for investment. When there is political stability there will be good business sentiments as investor are able to plan ahead their expected costs of operations of the business and the returns in the long term. Politically stable country means the likelihood of civil war or political war is low hence the operation of the firms will be stable and there will be low risk of facing the possibilities of shutting down. Hence foreign direct investors are attracted to politically stable country because of the stability of the business outlook. Since investment expenditure is a component of AD an increase in Investment expenditure will lead to an increase in real GDP and help Singapore to achieve economic growth. Thus Asian countries that are politically stable acts as a key success factors to support other factors to help Asian countries like Singapore to achieve economic growth. 7.Conclusion I agree with the author that one of the key success factors has been macroeconomic stability that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries. However with macroeconomic stability alone, without globalisation and political stability in these Asian countries,it is unable to achieved tremendous economic growth.This the tremendous economic growth is achieved as these key success factors exist together and support each other.If not the tremendous economic growth if based on macroeconomic stability will only be in the short terms but globalisation and political stability allows the tremendous economic growth to last in the long run.

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